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The emotional power of music may have strong linkages to the evolution of basic motor and emotional systems of the brain. The implications of these results are discussed in light of theories on the origin and the functionality of music listening and also for the application of musical stimuli in all areas of psychology and for research in music cognition. The first and second dimensions were judged to be much more important than the third-a result that contrasts with the idea that music has evolved primarily as a means for social cohesion and communication. Principal component analysis suggested three distinct underlying dimensions: People listen to music to regulate arousal and mood, to achieve self-awareness, and as an expression of social relatedness. These functions were distilled to 129 non-redundant functions that were then rated by 834 respondents. Part two of the paper presents an empirical investigation of hundreds of functions that could be extracted from the reviewed contributions. It is concluded that a comprehensive investigation addressing the basic dimensions underlying the plethora of functions of music listening is warranted. Part one of the paper reviews the research contributions that have explicitly referred to musical functions. Moreover, there remains no agreement about the underlying dimensions of these functions. However, different theoretical approaches, different methods, and different samples have left a heterogeneous picture regarding the number and nature of musical functions. Why do people listen to music? Over the past several decades, scholars have proposed numerous functions that listening to music might fulfill. Results highlight the effects of gender and aging in emotion perception and are discussed in terms of the social roles of music.
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Furthermore, we found that the effect of the voice on enhancing arousal ratings is independent of familiarity of the song and differs across genders and age: females were more influenced by vocals than males furthermore these gender effects were enhanced among older adults. We observed robust effects of vocal content on perceived arousal. Participants (N = 50) made valence and arousal ratings for familiar songs that were presented with and without the voice. In the present study, we investigated the effects of vocals in music on participants' perceived valence and arousal in songs. Although the relationship between language and music is well documented, relatively little is known about the effects of lyrics and the voice on the emotional processing of music and on listeners' preferences. Music is a powerful medium capable of eliciting a broad range of emotions. Esse artigo tem como objetivo relacionar a abordagem da psicologia analítica sobre os símbolos e a mente inconsciente, com os princípios da etologia sobre a comunicação animal (incluindo humanos), em relação aos processos cognitivos, emocionais e comportamentais referentes à escuta de música. Esse trabalho investiga a ocorrência de significados musicais gerados por meio da manipulação de objetos sonoros (em termos de de significados expressados ou percebidos), assim como seus efeitos decorrentes nos ouvintes, tais como as emoções evocadas. Estas ideias podem ser utilizadas para o estudo das emoções evocadas pela música, em termos da escuta e performance musicais. Conceitos etológicos na comunicação de significados simbólicos musicais Resumo: A etologia é um subcampo da Zoologia que estuda o comportamento, os gestos e padrões de expressão animais, a fim de obter informações sobre seus estados emocionais. This article aims to relate analytical psychology, on symbols and the unconscious mind, with principles of ethology, on animal (including human) communication, in relation to the cognitive, emotional and behavioral processes related to music listening. This work investigates the occurrence of musical meaning generated by the manipulation of sound objects (in terms of expressed or perceived meaning), as well as its following effects in the listeners, such as evoked emotion. These ideas can be used for the study of emotions evoked by music, in terms of musical listening and/or performance. Ethology is a subfield of Zoology that studies animal behavior, gestures and patterns of expression in order to obtain information about their emotional state.